Skin cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer, affecting many people each year. While the numbers can be concerning, skin cancer is often highly treatable when found early. Regular skin checks and timely care play an important role in supporting your skin’s health.
At Dr. Ben Wiese’s clinic, our aim is to share reliable information and help people better understand the signs, risks, and prevention strategies related to skin cancer. In this blog, we’ll outline the main types of skin cancer, explain how they develop, and highlight factors that may increase a person’s risk.
How Skin Cancer Starts
The skin is the body’s largest organ, helping regulate temperature and providing protection against heat, light, injury, and infection. Taking steps to protect it is important. Ongoing exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can increase the risk of developing skin cancer by damaging skin cells.
Skin cancer generally begins when DNA inside skin cells is harmed, most commonly from UV radiation. This damage can lead to changes in the cells, which may cause them to grow abnormally and form cancerous lesions.
Although UV exposure is a major factor, other contributors can include genetics, certain medical conditions that weaken the immune system, and exposure to specific chemicals. These early cellular changes aren’t visible on the surface, which is why monitoring your skin and speaking with a health-care provider about any concerns is recommended. If left untreated, some types of skin cancer can progress and may lead to more serious health issues.
The Most Common Skin Cancer Types
Skin cancer includes several different conditions, each with its own features and patterns of behaviour. Below is an overview of the types most often diagnosed and the factors that can influence their development.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed form of skin cancer. It often develops on areas that receive a lot of sun exposure, such as the face, neck, scalp, and hands. BCC begins in the basal cells, which help produce new skin cells.
Appearance: BCC can look like a pearly or waxy bump, a flat lesion that resembles a scar, a sore that heals and returns, or a reddish patch that may itch or crust.
Growth: BCC usually grows slowly and seldom spreads to other parts of the body. If not treated, it can extend deeper into the skin and may damage nearby tissue.
Risk Factors: Long-term sun exposure is the main contributor. Other factors include fair skin, a history of significant sunburns, and conditions that weaken the immune system.
Actinic Keratosis
Actinic keratosis is a common precancerous skin change caused by long-term exposure to UV radiation. AKs can sometimes progress to squamous cell carcinoma, although most remain stable or slow-growing.
Appearance: AKs often show up as rough, scaly patches on sun-exposed areas like the face, scalp, ears, and hands. They may be skin-coloured or reddish-brown and can feel similar to sandpaper.
Growth: AKs tend to progress slowly. A small proportion can become invasive squamous cell carcinoma over time, particularly if they persist without treatment.
Risk Factors: Chronic UV exposure, fair skin, lighter eye or hair colour, older age, and a weakened immune system can all increase the likelihood of developing AKs.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most commonly diagnosed form of skin cancer. It develops in the squamous cells, which make up the outer layer of the skin. SCC often appears on sun-exposed areas but can also occur in other regions, including the lips and mucous membranes.
Appearance: SCC may present as a firm, red bump; a flat lesion with a scaly surface; or a sore that does not heal. It may also resemble a wart-like growth.
Growth: SCC can behave more aggressively than basal cell carcinoma and has a higher chance of spreading beyond the skin if not managed early.
Risk Factors: UV exposure, fair skin, older age, a history of actinic keratoses, certain chemical exposures, and immune-system compromise can all play a role.
Melanoma
Melanoma is less common than BCC and SCC but is the type most associated with a higher risk of spreading. It begins in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma may arise in an existing mole or appear as a new spot.
Appearance: The “ABCDE” guide can help people recognize features that may require medical attention:
- A – Asymmetry: One half looks different from the other.
- B – Border Irregularity: Edges may appear uneven or blurred.
- C – Colour Variation: Multiple colours or uneven shading.
- D – Diameter: Often larger than 6 mm, though smaller melanomas can occur.
- E – Evolving: Any change in size, colour, shape, or symptoms such as itching or bleeding.
Growth: Melanoma has the potential to grow and spread more quickly than other skin cancers, which is why early detection and assessment are important.
Risk Factors: Risk increases with a history of blistering sunburns, many or atypical moles, family history of melanoma, fair skin, and weakened immune function.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare form of skin cancer that can grow and spread quickly. It begins in Merkel cells located in the top layer of the skin.
Appearance: MCC often appears as a firm, shiny, skin-coloured, red, or bluish-red bump, usually on sun-exposed areas. It is often painless and can resemble a benign cyst.
Growth: MCC tends to grow rapidly and can spread early to lymph nodes or other organs. Prompt medical assessment and treatment are important.
Risk Factors: Factors include high cumulative UV exposure, immune suppression (such as after an organ transplant or with certain medical conditions), infection with Merkel cell polyomavirus, and older age.
Who’s at Risk?
Anyone can develop skin cancer, but certain factors can increase a person’s likelihood and may warrant extra attention to sun protection and regular skin checks. People with fair skin, lighter eye colours, or blond or red hair tend to have less melanin (the pigment that helps shield the skin from UV radiation) which can make them more sensitive to sun exposure.
A history of blistering sunburns, particularly in childhood, is associated with a higher risk later in life. Both ongoing and intermittent sun exposure can contribute to this risk. Tanning bed use is also linked to an increased risk of melanoma, especially when used at a young age.
Spending substantial time outdoors for work or recreation can add cumulative UV exposure, so protective habits throughout the year are recommended. Other factors that may play a role include having many or atypical moles, a personal or family history of skin cancer, conditions or treatments that weaken the immune system, and older age.
The Importance of Early-Stage Skin Cancer Detection
Early detection plays an important role in managing skin cancer. Regular self-checks and periodic assessments by a health-care provider can help identify concerning spots before they become more advanced. It’s helpful to keep an eye out for new growths or any changes in existing moles or lesions.
Here are some reasons why early detection is beneficial:
- More Treatment Options Available: For basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, identifying lesions early often allows for straightforward and effective treatment approaches. When melanoma is found at an early stage, survival outcomes are generally more favourable, with many studies noting high five-year survival rates for early cases.
- Less Invasive Care: Skin cancers detected early may require smaller procedures and simpler forms of treatment. These approaches can be associated with shorter recovery times and may help reduce scarring.
- Lower Likelihood of Spread: Melanoma and some other skin cancers have the potential to spread beyond the skin. Treating them early can help reduce that risk.
- Supporting Overall Well-Being: Addressing skin concerns early may help avoid more extensive procedures later on and can ease the stress that often accompanies uncertainty about a changing spot.
Skin Cancer Prevention
While skin cancer is common, there are steps that can help lower your overall risk. These habits are simple, practical, and suitable for people of all ages:
- Seek shade during peak UV hours: Limiting time in direct sun (especially between 10 am and 4 pm) can help reduce UV exposure. Making use of natural or artificial shade is a helpful way to stay protected.
- Wear protective clothing: Long sleeves, long pants, and a wide-brimmed hat can shield areas that are prone to sun damage. UV-blocking sunglasses also help protect the eyes and the skin around them.
- Use sunscreen regularly: Choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher. Apply it to all exposed skin about 15-30 minutes before going outdoors, and reapply every two hours or after swimming or sweating.
- Be mindful of reflective surfaces: Sand, water, snow, and even concrete can reflect UV rays, increasing exposure. Taking extra precautions in these settings is recommended.
- Avoid tanning beds: Tanning equipment emits concentrated UV radiation, which is linked to a higher risk of developing skin cancer, including melanoma.
- Consider routine skin checks: Periodic skin exams (both at home and with a health-care provider) can help track new or changing spots. Tools such as total-body photography or dermoscopy may assist clinicians in monitoring lesions over time, but they are just one part of a full clinical assessment.
There is no guaranteed way to prevent skin cancer, but these strategies can help reduce overall risk and support long-term skin health.
Protect Yourself Today to Support Your Skin Health Tomorrow
Understanding skin cancer, knowing what early changes can look like, and seeking timely assessment when concerns arise are important parts of caring for your skin. While skin cancer is common in Canada, being aware of risk factors and practising good sun-protection habits can help lower the likelihood of developing it.
At Dr. Ben Wiese’s clinic, we focus on supportive, patient-centred care for individuals seeking guidance on skin concerns, including prevention, early detection, and treatment options. If you have a spot or skin change you’re unsure about, consider speaking with your health-care provider or booking a skin check for further evaluation.
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the most common cause of skin cancer?
The main cause of most skin cancers is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources such as tanning beds. UV radiation can damage the DNA in skin cells, which may lead to abnormal cell growth over time.
Can skin cancer be cured?
Many skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, have excellent treatment outcomes when found early. Early-stage melanoma is also associated with favourable survival rates. Outcomes depend on several factors, including the type of cancer and how early it is detected.
How often should I get a professional skin check?
The right frequency varies from person to person. Many health-care providers suggest annual skin checks for individuals with higher risk factors—such as a history of sunburns, many moles, or a family history of skin cancer. A clinician can guide you on what is appropriate for your situation.
Are tanning beds really that dangerous?
Tanning beds emit concentrated UV radiation, which is linked to a higher risk of developing several types of skin cancer, including melanoma. Because of these well-documented risks, many health organizations advise avoiding indoor tanning.
What should I do if I find a suspicious mole or spot on my skin?
If you notice a new or changing spot that concerns you, it’s a good idea to have it assessed by a qualified health-care provider. Early evaluation supports timely diagnosis and, when needed, early treatment.
Can people with darker skin tones get skin cancer?
Yes. People of all skin tones can develop skin cancer. While those with darker skin have more natural melanin, which offers some protection, skin cancers in these groups may sometimes be diagnosed later. Regular self-checks and sun protection are helpful for everyone.
Is there a genetic component to skin cancer?
Genetics can influence risk, particularly in melanoma. A family history of melanoma may indicate a higher likelihood of developing it. People with genetic risk factors may benefit from regular skin checks and consistent sun-protective habits.
What is actinic keratosis?
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common precancerous skin change caused by long-term sun exposure. AKs appear as rough, scaly patches on sun-exposed areas. Although most remain stable, some can progress to squamous cell carcinoma if untreated, so monitoring and appropriate management are recommended.
Is basal cell carcinoma fatal?
Basal cell carcinoma very rarely becomes life-threatening. However, if left untreated, it can continue to grow and may cause significant local damage to surrounding tissues. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to help prevent these complications.
Can a dermatologist tell if a mole is cancerous just by looking at it?
A clinician can often identify features that raise suspicion by using tools such as dermoscopy. However, a definitive diagnosis of skin cancer requires a biopsy. A small tissue sample is examined under a microscope to determine whether cancer cells are present and to identify the type of lesion.